VIRGINIA 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 

EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Series  of  1 889-’90. 

BULLETIN  No.  6. 

MARCH,  1890. 

VARIETY  TESTS  WITH  POTATOES. 


J.  P.  Bell  Co.,  Prs.,  Lynchburg,  Va. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Capt.  C.  E.  Vawter. 

Hon.  Jno.  E.  Massey.  Hon.  J.  Thompson  Brown. 


General  L.  L.  LOMAX,  President. 


STATION  STAFF. 

William  B.  Preston, Director. 

William  B.  Alwood,  - - Botanist  and  Entomologist. 
Walker  Bowman,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  - - Chemist. 

D.  O.  Nourse,  B.  S.,  - - - - Agriculturist. 

•Judge  John  Gardner,  - Treasurer. 


B.  F.  Finney,  - 
P.  H.  Price, 

W.  H.  Beynolds, 


ASSISTANTS. 


Assistant  Chemist. 

Ass’t  in  Horticulture. 

Ass’t  Agriculturist ; in  charge  of 
Meteorological  instruments. 


All  communications  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
Director  Experiment  Station,  Blacksburg,  Va. 

Freight  and  Express  packages  should  be  addressed,  Director 
Experiment  Station,  Cliristiansburg,  Va.,  (N.  & W.  R.  R). 


b 3>0  ."7 


wimsm  OF  lamois 
AGRICULTURE  EIBRARV 


VARIETY  TESTS  WITH  POTATOES. 


WM.  B.  ALWOOD. 
R.  H.  PRICE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  culture  of  potatoes  in  this  State  is  of  such  importance 
as  to  demand  early  attention  from  the  Station.  Some  sections 
of  the  State  are  so  favorably  situated,  in  regard  to  soil  and  cli- 
mate, and  have  such  excellent  facilities  for  reaching  markets, 
that  proper  attention  to  this  crop  cannot  fail  to  be  remunerative. 
From  the  latest  statistics  at  hand  it  appears  that  Virginia  has 
six  crops,  the  valuation  of  which,  in  1887,  reached  into  mil- 
lions of  dollars.  These,  named  in  order  of  precedence,  are 
corn,  tobacco,  hay,  wheat,  oats  and  potatoes.  It  is  believed 
from  the  manner  in  which  this  data  is  collected,  that  on  the 
five  first  named  crops  the  statistics  have  been  more  accurately 
gathered  than  on  the  potato  crop.  Farmers  generally  know 
within  a small  margin  how  much  grain  they  harvest  or  how 
many  pounds  of  tobacco  they  make,  and  with  nearly  equal  cer- 
tainty how  much  hay  is  cut  on  the  place,  but  potatoes  rank  along 
with  truck  crops,  and  the  yield  is  not  so  carefully  noted.  Hence 
the  inference  is,  that  the  statistics  concerning  this  crop  are  not 
so  accurate  as  for  the  others  mentioned.  But  the  fact  that  the 
potato  crop  ranks  sixth  in  total  valuation  is  no  criterion  by 
which  to  judge  the  profits  accruing  to  the  growers.  The  truth 
of  this  statement  will  become  more  apparent  from  an  examina- 
tion of  the  acreage,  yield  and  value  of  the  six  crops  mentioned, 
as  shown  in  the  following  table : 


TABLE  I* — Showing  Acreage,  Yield,  Value,  Etc.,  of  the  Six  Prin- 
cipal Crops  Grown  in  Virginia  in  1887. 


Quantity 

Produced. 

Average 

Yield 

Per  Acre. 

Acres  in 
Each  Crop. 

Value 
per  unit  of 
Quantity. 

Total  Value. 

Value 
of  Product 
Per  Acre. 

Corn — bushels 

Wheat,  “ 

Oats,  “ 

Potatoes,  “ 

Tobacco — lbs 

Hay — tons 

87.680.000 
4,832,000 

1 1.095.000 

1.894.000 

79.408.000 
434,663 

17.5 

7.6 

17.0 

53.0 

600.0 
1.2 

3,153,126 

635,838 

652,665 

35,741 

132,346 

362,219 

$0  47 
81 
35 

01 

08 
10  24 

$17,709,600 

3,913,920 

3,883,250 

1,155,340 

6,352,608 

4,450,949 

$8  22 
6 15 
5 95 
32  33 
48  00 
12  28 

* Compiled  from  Rep.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.,  1888,  p.  423.  Later  statistics  were  not  ob- 
tainable. 


4 


A brief  study  of  this  table  illustrates  the  point  as  to  com- 
parative receipts  per  acre  of  potatoes  and  the  other  crops  men- 
tioned. The  acreage  of  the  several  crops  ranges  from  more  than 
sixty  times  as  many  in  the  case  of  corn  down  to  four  times 
as  many  acres  in  tobacco,  which  ranks  next  above  potatoes 
in  number  of  acres  under  cultivation.  The  value  of  an 
acre  of  potatoes,  according  to  these  statistics,  is  four  times 
that  of  an  acre  of  corn,  more  than  live  times  that  of  an  acre 
of  wheat,  nearly  six  times  that  of  oats,  and  about  two  and  two- 
thirds  that  of  hay.  Tobacco  alone  exceeds  it  by  one-half  in 
valuation  per  acre  of  crop. 

The  cost  of  production  is  the  only  true  standard  by  which 
to  judge  these  figures ; accurate  information,  on  this  point, 
concerning  the  crops  under  consideration  is  not  available,  but 
the  use  of  the  best  improved  machinery  as  planters,  cultivators, 
diggers,  etc.,  places  potato  growing  very  nearly  on  a par  with 
the  cereal  crops,  acre  for  acre.  The  difference  in  cost  is  not  at 
all  commensurate  with  the  difference  in  value.  In  fact  modern 
machinery  has  made  the  growing  of  a bushel  of  potatoes  about 
as  easy  as  one  of  corn. 

The  expense  of  making  an  acre  of  tobacco  exceeds  that 
of  making  an  acre  of  potatoes,  hence  the  apparent  average 
value  per  acre  is  fully  offset.  An  additional  fact  of  still  greater 
importance  in  this  connection  is,  that  while  the  yield  per  acre 
of  the  cereals  mentioned  can  be  doubled,  possibly  trebled,  the 
yield  of  potatoes  can  be  as  easily  increased  four  to  six  fold. 
This  of  course  implies  the  use  of  fertilizers  and  high  culture. 
To  obtain  such  an  increase,  the  cost  of  fertilizers  for  a potato 
crop  would  exceed  that  of  the  grain  crops,  but  not  nearly  in  pro- 
portion to  increased  yield.  Three  hundred  bushels  of  potatoes  is 
not  an  extraordinary  crop,  and  is  commonly  produced  in  many 
places  where  methods  of  cultivation  have  been  properly  studied. 
Five  to  seven  hundred  bushels  per  acre  are  within  the  range  of 
possibility.  These  statements  are  not  made  with  a view  to  en- 
courage the  extension  of  the  area  now  planted  in  potatoes,  but 
merely  to  show  what  is,  and  what  ought  to  be,  attained  in  the 
culture  of  this  crop. 


5 


This  Bulletin,  however,  is  not  intended  to  deal  with  methods 
of  culture  hut  with  variety  tests,  and  the  foregoing  remarks 
serve  to  indicate  the  importance  attaching  to  this  crop,  and  ap- 
propriately preface  the  results  of  variety  tests  which  follow. 
We  may  add,  that  important  questions  of  a practical  nature  in 
the  general  culture  of  this  crop  are  receiving  attention. 

NEW  VARIETIES. 

The  subject  of  new  varieties  of  potatoes  is  always  one  of 
great  interest  to  the  grower  because  of  the  fact  (now  too  w'ell 
known  to  need  discussion)  that  the  old  standard  sorts  are  one 
by  one  dropping  out  of  the  list,  and  being  replaced  by  new  in- 
troductions. This  deterioration  of  the  potato,  while  affected  by 
various  circumstances  is,  doubtless,  caused  largely  by  the  fact 
that  varieties  are,  and  must  always  he,  propagated  solely 
from  cuttings — the  tuber  being  simply  an  aggregation  of  buds 
on  a more  or  less  enlarged  rhizome.  Hence,  when  old  varieties 
fail,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the  production  of  new  ones  from 
seed,  the  true  fruit  of  the  plant.  This  is  a tedious  process,  re- 
quiring time,  patience  and  judgment.  The  actual  results  show 
a thousand  failures  to  one  success.  And  even  many  of  the 
supposed  successful  varieties  are  scarcely  ever  heard  of  a year 
or  two  after  being  introduced. 

It  has  certainly  come  to  be  an  evil  that  so  many  new  varieties 
are  put  upon  the  market  each  year  without  sufficient  test  to  es- 
tablish their  value.  This  evil  has  grown  to  such  dimensions 
that  the  average  grower  might  consume  a large  part  of  his 
energies  in  an  attempt  to  keep  himself  posted  on  the  value 
of  the  new'  sorts  as  they  appear.  However,  this  work  is  now 
quite  thoroughly  undertaken  by  the  Experiment  Stations. 
Through  concert  of  action  on  their  part,  in  this  and  other  mat- 
ters, it  may  be  possible  to  make  variety  tests  a real  guide  to 
growers. 

Under  the  present  circumstances  it  seems  unwise  that  indi- 
vidual farmers  should  make  extensive  trials  of  the  many  new 
sorts  constantly  being  offered  ; they  should  rather  wait  and  see 
how  such  sorts  stand  the  test  at  the  Stations.  It  is  un- 
doubtedly wise  to  purchase  new  varieties  after  sufficient  tests 


0 


have  shown  them  to  be  valuable  ; but  until  their  value  has  been 
determined,  it  is  advisable  to  use  the  best  known  standard  sorts. 

SOIL  AND  PREPARATION. 

The  soil  of  the  plots  used  in  this  test  is  a heavy  clay,  very 
retentive  of  moisture.  It  has  a gentle  slope  to  the  west,  wTith 
good  surface  drainage,  which  it  was  hoped  woul%d,  in  a measure, 
overcome  its  otherwise  unsuitable  character.  But  the  unusual 
character  of  the  season  was  highly  prejudicial  to  the  growth  of 
potatoes,  and  caused  a partial  failure  on  this  soil. 

The  land  had  been  in  grass  and  used  as  a pasture  for  the  pre- 
vious two  years.  A light  dressing  of  barnyard  manure  was 
spread  over  the  sod,  which  was  broken  up  six  weeks  before 
planting.  The  ground  was  thoroughly  worked  with  harrow 
and  roller,  and  wras  in  excellent  condition  when  the  seed  was 
planted.  The  season,  up  to  this  time,  had  been  favorable  and 
the  conditions  at  the  time  of  planting  were  all  that  could  be 
desired. 

The  rows  were  laid  off  three  feet  apart  and  four  inchs  deep, 
with  a view  of  giving  surface  cultivation  without  hilling  up. 

A special  fertilizer,  containing  3 .4  per  cent,  nitrogen,  (equiv- 
alent ^o  4 per  cent,  ammonia),  8 per  cent,  potash  and  3 per 
cent,  soluble  pliosporic  acid,  was  made  at  the  Station  from 
nitrate  of  soda,  muriate  of  potash  and  dissolved  bone  black, 
and  used  at  the  rate  of  1,500  pounds  per  acre,  mixed  with  the 
soil  in  the  trenches  before  planting. 

PLANTING,  CLIMATIC  CONDITIONS,  ETC. 

The  varieties  were  all  cut  and  planted  May  7th.  Only  fine 
medium  size  tubers  were  used.  The  cutting  was  done  by  one 
man,  and  all  were  cut  to  u one  eye  pieces”  as  accurately  as  pos- 
sible, the  seed  end  not  being  used.  The  pieces  were  placed  one 
foot  apart  in  the  row,  and  covered  with  the  hoe  four  inches 
deep,  just  filling  the  trenches  level  with  the  surface. 

Cold,  rainy  weather  set  in  almost  immediately  after  planting, 
and,  as  a consequence,  the  plants  did  not  come  through  until 
June  1st.  The  plots  were  all  cultivated  on  June  8th,  and  again 
on  the  20th — this  being  the  only  work  possible  to  put  upon 


7 


them,  because  of  the  unusually  wet  weather.  The  result  was, 
that  while  the  vines  grew  finely  and  made  a heavy  growth,  the 
whole  area  was  soon  overgrown  with  weeds. 

The  season  was,  without  exception,  the  worst  we  have  ever 
known  for  work  of  this  character,  and,  as  a consequence,  the 
results  have  much  less  value  than  would  otliewise  be  the  case. 

Mr.  Reynolds,  Meteorological  Observer  for  the  Station,  kindly 
furnishes  the  following  data  concerning  rainfall  and  tempera- 
ture from  May  15th  to  August  1st.  These  facts  will,  in  a large 
measure,  account  for  the  failure  to  secure  better  results. 

May,  average  temperature  67.38  F.,  maximum  85,  minimum 
40,  rainfall  2.86  inches  ; June,  average  temperature  63.53,  maxi- 
mum 86,  minimum  41,  rainfall  6.56  inches  ; July,  average  tem- 
perature 78.7,  maximum  98,  minimum  56,  rainfall  11.01.  The 
cool,  wet  weather  began  in  May,  increased  very  markedly  in 
precipitation  during  June,  and  culminated  in  July  with  a 
rainfall  of  over  eleven  inches.  Along  with  these  facts  must 
be  mentioned  that  the  rainfall  and  temperature  do  not  fully 
express  the  conditions  prevailing.  There  were  scarcely  two 
days  of  successive  sunshine,  and  the  air  was  constantly  laden 
with  excessive  moisture.  July  shows  a record  of  but  four 
fair  days. 

As  a result  of  such  favorable  conditions  for  the  growth  of 
fungi,  the  plots  blighted  without  exception.  The  disease  made 
its  appearance  the  last  of  July,  and  in  ten  days  not  a plant  was 
alive.  A note  concerning  this  disease  occurs  at  the  close  of 
this  article. 

The  time  of  ripening  could  not  be  determined,  because  of 
the  blight,  but  in  the  table  the  varieties  have  been  separated 
into  four  classes,  viz. : early,  medium,  late  and  unclassified. 
The  separation  of  the  first  three  is  made  from  previous  knowl- 
edge of  the  varieties  and  from  the  records  of  other  stations. 
The  unclassified  group  embraces  those  concerning  which  suffi- 
ciently definite  information  was  not  at  hand.  There  are, 
doubtless,  a few  errors  in  this  classification. 

SIZE  OF  PLOTS. 

In  an  experiment  designed  to  have  a direct,  practical  bearing 


8 


upon  field  work,  the  larger  the  area,  within  certain  limits,  the 
more  reliable  are  the  results,  considered  on  general  principles. 
But  in  exact  experiment  work  there  must  be  a sharp  limit  to 
size  of  plot,  and  generally  it  is  not  a question  as  to  how  large 
the  plots  can  be  made,  but  what  is  the  minimum  size  which  can 
be  used  and  obtain  reasonably  reliable  answers  to  the  questions 
proposed.  The  time  and  critical  attention  which  must  be  given 
to  an  experiment  makes  it  imperative  that  the  area  shall  be 
reduced  to  the  smallest  compass  possible.  Hence,  in  an  experi- 
ment, like  the  one  under  consideration,  the  inquiry  must  be 
limited,  and  it  must  not  be  presumed  that  the  results  can  be 
accepted  as  conclusive  even  on  the  points  noted.  The  results, 
especially  as  to  yield,  on  small  plot  experiments,  must,  then,  be 
afterwards  put  to  the  tests  of  larger  areas.  However  small, 
plot  work  gives  valuable  indications  as  to  earliness,  character 
and  quality  of  varieties.  The  full  size  of  plot  was  twenty  feet 
long  by  three  feet  wide. 

OBJECTS  OF  THIS  EXPERIMENT. 

The  objects  had  in  view  in  this  instance  were : 

1.  Character  of  varieties  in  regard  to  earliness ; 

2.  Prolificacy  of  varieties  in  number  of  tubers  and  general 
character  of  growth ; 

3.  Size  and  character  of  tubers  in  regard  to  marketable 
quality ; 

4.  Table  quality,  and 

5.  Yield  per  acre. 

The  character  of  the  varieties,  in  regard  to  earliness,  has  been 
alluded  to  under  a previous  heading,  and  the  reasons  for  failure 
to  observe  it  more  carefully  are  there  given.  This  is  a very 
important  point,  as  early  maturity  means  a great  deal  to  the 
trucker.  Further  work  in  this  line  will  be  undertaken. 

Prolificacy  of  varieties  in  number  of  tubers  and  the  charac- 
ter of  tubers  as  to  size,  smoothness,  etc.,  are  very  important 
considerations  in  a study  of  varieties.  The  data  on  these  points 
is  only  partially  published  at  this  time. 

Table  quality,  while  of  prime  importance  to  the  user,  is  not 


9 


of  first  importance  to  the  grower.  Undoubtedly  the  grower 
wishes  to  produce  a crop  of  as  high  edible  quality  as  possible, 
but  yield  and  market  quality  are  the  prime  considerations  with 
him.  The  old  Snow  Flake  variety,  when  it  can  be  well  grown, 
is  one  of  the  finest  potatoes  for  table  use,  yet  it  is  seldom 
grown  for  market,  because  it  is  not  profitable. 

By  market  quality  is  meant  those  characters  which  relate  to 
appearance,  as  color,  shape,  smoothness  and  size.  These  vary 
in  value  in  different  markets,  according  to  the  demands  of 
buyers.  In  some  markets  the  Burbank  type  will  command  the 
most  money,  and  in  others  the  Rose  type.  These  points  are 
of  importance  in  the  study  and  development  of  new  varieties. 

Yield  per  acre  in  this  experiment  is  the  point  of  least  value  ; 
not  because  the  facts  were  not  carefully  noted,  but  because  the 
results  obtained  from  such  small  plot  work  can  only  indicate 
probable  results  on  a larger  scale.  The  results  of  several  sea- 
sons’ work  are  necessary  to  furnish  reliable  data. 

In  the  first  column  is  shown  the  number  of  hills  actually 
harvested,  and  in  the  second  the  weight  of  crop  in  pounds  and 
ounces.  The  comparisons  made  from  these  two  columns  are 
far  more  reliable  than  calculated  yields  per  acre. 

The  full  plot  was  nineteen  hills ; where  a less  number  came 
to  maturity,  in  calculating  the  yield  per  acre,  the  plot  has,  in 
all  instances  been  reduced  to  a perfect  stand.  The  possibility 
of  misleading  results  in  yields  so  calculated  are  patent  to  all. 

The  column  which  shows  per  cent,  by  weight  of  marketable 
tubers,  taken  in  connection  with  total  weight  of  crop,  as  given 
in  pounds  and  ounces,  is  the  best  data  by  which  to  judge  the 
comparative  yield  of  the  varieties.  One  very  important  point 
to  be  borne  in  mind  is,  that  a greater  or  less  percentage  of  all 
varieties  rotted  in  the  hill,  of  which  no  reasonably  accurate  ac- 
count could  be  taken.  A column,  giving  the  number  of  rotted 
tubers  observed  when  dug,  appears  in  the  table,  but  this  is  not 
reliable  data  upon  which  to  form  a comparative  estimate  of 
freedom  from  rot.  It  is  very  plain,  however,  that  some  sorts 
rotted  badly,  while  others  were  but  slightly  affected. 

Table  quality  could  not  be  fairly  determined  on  tubers  grown 


10 


under  the  conditions  stated  in  the  above  notes,  but  desiring 
to  begin  at  once  the  complete  record  which  it  is  intended  to 
carry  out  in  this  work,  the  note  was  made  as  fairly  as  possi- 
ble. 

• The  varieties  were  all  cooked  and  graded  under  the  same  con- 
ditions within  three  days  time.  Two  average  specimens  of  each 
variety  were  selected  and  cooked  by  boiling  with  the  skin  on. 
They  were  then  subjected  to  examination  and  tested  by  tast- 
ing without  seasoning,  and  also  seasoned  with  salt  and  butter. 
Notes  on  appearance  and  condition  were  made  and  an  arbitrary 
grade  was  given  each  variety.  This  grade  was  fixed  on  a scale 
of  0 to  10,  and  it  is  the  only  part  of  the  note  on  table  quality 
published  at  this  time.  No  variety  in  the  tests  is  graded  perfect, 
but  some  stand  very  high  for  the  condition  under  which  they 
were  grown.  A grade  of  7 to  9 is  quite  good,  but  when  a 
variety  falls  below  5.5  it  is  rated  poor  in  quality.  The  decision 
was  in  all  cases  made  by  the  waiters. 

The  short  description  or  attempt  to  characterize  each  variety 
in  a few  words,  as  is  done  in  the  table,  cannot,  for  limit  of 
space,  be  very  specific,  yet  it  is  believed  will  not  be  unappre- 
ciated, and  will  add  something  to  the  interest  of  the  grower  in 
the  work  here  given. 

If  many  of  the  brief  descriptions  are  similar,  it  is  because 
the  varieties  are  similar.  This  fact  of  the  similarity  of  varieties 
is  well  known,  and  there  is  probably  no  expert  who  could  sepe- 
rate  more  than  a small  percentage  of  these  varieties  if  mixed 
together  and  placed  before  him.  This  may  argue  against  the 
value  of  varieties  in  the  minds  of  some,  but  at  the  same  time 
it  is  all  the  more  reason  why  the  Station  should  test  and  care- 
fully report  upon  them.  They  will  be  constantly  offered  to  the 
public,  and  the  facts  must  be  ascertained  at  some  one’s  expense. 
It  is  probably  true  that  if  nine-tenths  of  the  new  varieties  now 
offered  could  be  destroyed  before  introduction  it  would  be  a 
blessing  to  the  growers  at  large.  But  who  is  to  do  it  ? Who 
knows  before  hand  but  the  next  new  sort  may  be  such  a boon 
as  the  Early  Rose  or  some  few  others  that  have  been  introduced 
within  the  remembrance  of  the  present  generation  ? 


11 


Table  II.,  which  follows,  contains  the  more  practical  features 
of  the  test. 

The  nomenclature  here  used  is,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
that  of  the  seedmen’s  list,  but  a protest  is  here  entered  against 
some  of  the  names  used,  and  they  would  have  been  revised 
in  this  Bulletin  if  it  were  not  that  the  committee  on 
nomenclature  of  the  American  Association  of  Agricultural 
Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  has,  at  the  present  time, 
under  consideration  a standard  list  of  names  of  vegetables ; 
hence,  in  the  interest  of  uniformity,  the  matter  of  revision  is 
deferred  until  their  list  shall  appear. 


TABLE  II. 


12 


•SniftSffi  jo  oinij 
ft  pojo\[  sjaqnj  oojjojj  jo  ‘Q)j 


: o go  . 

I 8 ‘-3  o a 


-c  o M 
— 

® £ 

lei 

cS 

-C 


O ^ 


r-  33  ~ 

-T.-a  c -a 
.£*  bo  ^ ~ 


2 8 


o a<g  ^,2 

8 s - 8 

£ 60  g -C  -C  ^ 


..Jo  4-5  S i 

o ^ O D O'-"  ^ &0  bjt 
-2  C ^ o O C •'^*S  — 

~ R*“t5  * S^.S 


,b?S  5 8 


co  a - *-*  3 ^ be 

— c-c-c  2 3 
- M c .SPj=  I g 
o — 1 bo  . >» 

'0~  a -3  t\5~ 

C • — 5S  m c T n *-1 


2 o_c 


Q 2 a 

S i -2 
"3 

g o I 

.O  50  - 

bo  bo  a 

cco 

o o p 


"S  - g ^ os 

^U3g”S|  i'S  § 2 

a ’I  .s  £ 'Sf  § ~ a 
8 g'S'i^S^S  “ 

sll$!l«s^1 

2 i-3  E^«  i 


~*0  s C - ~ 

'"O  ® 3 '-i  rO  ~ -O 

. QJ  C ^ J)13  (D 

jrnoc^coc 

O1  <^  — • — » b c o 

^ Si  as 

_,req5  „ ce  at:  c3 
£<«  ?tp 

5 s .2  o 3 z3  .5 
m3  - 3 -O'  -C  33  .-C 

■3  .bo  O cc  OS  .bo  £..bp 

-,— T C ’w  -2  'ce 


•”  ^-*5  t2  a 5®  £ bo 

& ► bo  bo  bo  © » « o ^ 

60  bo  § § c tO  60  bT  60  a 

cciioocccco 

0C-0-O_Q00000wv_,,^ow<_,uo 


32  o .. 
rc  “ kf'E 
£ 60  § .2  60  60  bic  60 
3 £-2  C G O C C 
Oo_QoOOOO 

. 1 r«\  t 1 . 'I 


Nt>NCOi005»COr-i(M(NOHWLOC0001iOOO} 


•siaqnx  8[qi3i0q.n?jM; 
•J0Ay  xig  jo  jq^T9.\\ 


H^lOOlOOJNWOMOlONM'^rH^Mr-IH'^ 

^MWM-'(M<M(N(N(N(N(NOHi-i(N^(NeO(N(N 


*S[9qsn$j 
— paBjg  J00J 

-J9J  oj  pap9JJ0Q 
‘aaoy  aad  p[9}X 


ajqBj, 


® ^ t 


3 CO  00  l>  r-i  I>  OhCOMOQOOOSOCOOhOONOO 

o«moocHOHCDr-iior-;«cooONooi>ooooo 

H(No4diOTjH(Mi6idoiHI>o6iO'^’cOC)'3iTji(N54 

!iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOit^OOOOOON  Oi  Oi  Oi  Oi 


•0[qBj0qaej\[ 

jqSra^W  J°  J8d 


S0Dimo  pu« 

spunoj— piaiAI^oX 


'i  3TcO  CO^  co'co  C<j  oq  5o'x  OOC^IOOCSIOOOO  r-^T’h* 
SOJOi'^iOHOOOOOiMNMiOOOOOJi- 

t -H  r- 1— I r 


■3  l— ( 1NHHINHMHHHH i—4 

oi^oooiooocDooooaiOiOooioo'.  i>a>oo»© 


P9JS9AJ^H  SIHH  *°M 


"So 


•>|4  ls-s.s 

2 ^ s 


g 

P3  Too’ — ' “2 

•5  -al-s « = 


o'  o'  o'  o'  o’  o o' 
CL(H3'-0'U'0-C  'C'O 
— ' a 

bo  £ 


t>  g’-g  ^ §.St:  ® ° 0 c £ 

C«  2-2  So=3 


j ® 6 6 6 » 

beo-c-c^ 


>^.2 

►?.§  |!«  llj.o®  s 


a 2H 


co  g ^wswws^o  =ph^ck  I 

5 o ^ o a^^a  2 !>»>»>.  >^.  tA  >>  >> 

^WflWWoouWHWWHWWWWWWP^H 


smooth,  skin  russet,  color  light. 


13 


o S3 

o S 

W rt 


auS  ~ ® ' 
S ^5  H 

* ®r 

c ■*->  ~ 1 

«r  S3  -=  45  - 

S^c3  , 

■5 Tp  a TrJ 


•-5  So 

| ! j 

; Ilex'S. If 

f'^T  o« 
'‘Sool3 
0 T?  S 3 O 

H CO  M ^ „ 

i,  0»  - >->  r)  _a 

r * _c  -r  ^ — 

f S x I*  ’§  2 


os  “-SSf  ““ 
2 * £ * o _r  ^ ~ 
g^^JC^'S  c g.ft 


i |1  .“ 
ii^-ilf 
Is.^“1 

B c -a  00 

- j=  a S m ® 

bc“  'S 

3 ^ 8 "jg  _cT”q 

I "5  £ C T3 

- O - *H  _ S 
O ® , S « 


C "3  "o 

<U  -*  r$ 


IS  ° = 
| bC  O U 


■§.5 

o ->*  s S „ . 

Ill ills 

— 2 -S  c g ^ o 


_c  a 

o O c ”“  • 


H c cT,S  o a 12.5 
o 3 O “So — ' ' ^ M “ 


"|  l K 


1c  <03  ^ 
T3  £ 


G G^  s 
o C S3  O 



Sls’l'H^Slas 

a,  3:  o o 2so  o _ 

3 .5  § g .2  ^ c*  w® 

q-r  § £ o:  ° :3 

be  § bio  bio.2  bfijo  i 
G -=.  G G c G bo  ! 


c 

^•I'B 

G a>  "re 

« o« 

^ * s 


! <2  ® “ ►*'§8-  J2  2 •“ 

i _r  O O rt  PP  T3 

pl>  o-  ai*  S _-r  § 


o c^-c  2 -osf 

s®  5?!  | 


w >fH-  'j*  ® ^ 
O — • T3  r-  — ^ 

Sn'.g^a 


^ o 


U OC.S  cuj-i-i  aw 

; c a c be  c 

5 O o O'S  o 

-3 1-3  o t-5  oq  >-J 


S3  C c^G  ^ 

« c 2T"  “--5  ’ - ~c  -2  S bS  ® JS  « 

►■•  ® « £ "g  o $ o^  2^  -.9  — ^ -'■’  .2 
C § h g 2 bfl§ 

%■£  S--.-I  I * ?S  ‘ ® J S.|  |.S  8 
11 1 si  £•§  ilSs  11  8 « 8,1 

C3  ^ G a ^ a K.  03  O 

&c^  bB  b2  bJO  > a ° be""  rtf  bp  « rg  ^ M 

§G®5gbSb£bio§bSG§  £>o^:  g tc  &B 

^ C G cl  c OGc  M?  c G 

''OS2S3-COOOS3COS0C^;OOO 


CO-^|>OiOOCOCO^H>OCO 

(M 

N^NlOOOI>OiCHOl>MH(NlMCOH 
Tt<  r-,  (N  (M  1-1  ^ 1-1 

CO  Oo'a^C^ !>.  io’iO  <— < 

oq  cq’oo  ^’o  t^iooq  oo* i — i oq'co  co’to’co  3q' 

f— 1 

(N'M(N(MH^r-i-<(M!M(MrH-i(M(NCq(N^ 

(N^MM^®Ohm®Nh 

t^iocdc^oii-iccodT-lcococvi 

521 

NMNiHNqooNqNooqcoqorix 
i— i-^oii-3odo|x>(Mi-icdoq*05tccoco«oi>.o 

ioq  h hh  oq  ^ i-i  -—I  r-i  cq 

ost-oqoiqNoooosi>o 

odioodTHodt^odoc6oc4i>I 

^iCOMINhW^MNON 

226.0 

eocoqqeocoqoqNNNi-iqtqcoooq 

^cir-iojoo^diNNdM^ioooi-i’iddco 

xocoocqrfioo(M?qo^(MNioooio|o 

Hrl  HHHNN  rHHH(N(N(M 

loqiooioqiooioiooo 

OcioiiO«Ot>3oi>3i>IiooOi>3 

5.5 

qqqoioioqqoqqqioqqqioio 

ididcdt-^*pi>idcx3cdod<^5i>ioi>3»oodcdio 

^UOHlOr-OlNCO'taOOr-l 
rf  rt  H 1>*  H S 00  O p-i  1>-  lO  ^ 

toi— i'=ticocoot>3o6ocoo4'-J 
osososoit^ososooosooooos 

8125 

lOOOOcOCCoOOOOOO^LON-tNrHO 

03Nqooiq®i>C'jioo5qoqwoob;iqNq 

^'sdoOcdoMoiNNOrHCKNi-i'tNlN 

00XG05L'-'-05000505Q00a0>®O050> 

f-*N  1+11*1 

rj-INSOIOOXOliOCOTjiQO 

I— ( I~l  *■“• 

o 

co^co'oo  +?,i— i h i-o  co'S'oq  ^t^'^co^o  lo’io^oo1 

N^OsMhOhMHHOh 

23 

t^lOt^OCCOCOOOOl— IOOOO'^COiOCO'^1— ICO 
— 1 1-H  T-l  i-H  l— 1 H H H (M  <M  C] 

OOOOOIXON^OOOGOOO 

200  05CSC»C3>t--aO  0^05  © N G I>'  x o>  o o 

rt  o'  O 

S-  'GS  -o 

• ^ d o'  o 

o o'  o' 

X 

M 

H 

G : 

TS  6 o 1 j ::::::  : 

^ , T3  T5  p— ••••••• 

—'-a 

: SO  ns  T3  T3  ' 

-o  T3  TO 

w 

be^j 

LT1  ^ esodedoed 

rt 

: Ph 

c 

. be 

>»  G 

s 

att' 

^g,°'«,0®ro'8,c 

H 


C3  "O 

H a> 

^ D 

^ — • Cfl 

, « Si  c 05  O X 

<§»®  so  |w-' 

2 as^ 

§ § J § §.2  « 

GO  CC  H H >•  K*"  1^ 


p >i  3 

2 a>  g 

hCU  pu 


o 0J  o it  1 

cc^-rtCsOum.. 

^ o* 


, a o 

&W 


& I § fe-c 

s scqooK 

<£®J  i «2^o“  | g"3 

i 5=^”  £*!-a'>  is'?  | a^§  gog-s 

’ * ?)'o.£fro  s i’o  2 3 « 2i®  ^ o-[! 


'C  3?  C o'o.Sf'o  SSoSgsSo^  s O-h 

<3  ^^WWWWWUOOWOOKbSSan 


TABLE  II. — Continued. 


14 


K 

W 

CQ 

D 

H 

&H 

o 

cd 

w 

H 

O 

◄ 

03 

<; 

S3 

o 


SH*  2 .2 

,2  ~ o 


— ■ '^'ax 


o 


£8"  2 i| 

a o s 8 
-Sg  • 
B^g^s  . 

<U  s_  C "O  £ 

la^Jal 

S3  J3  ® £ >>  g Jz 
* SP  g.5  .S  S3  5 
5 1®'""*  " 


-T.^  o 2 

L>  9 


, £ 
^ >>  * 


D S 


__T  £3 


S T3  -f 


OJ3 

- 3 £ 


"gg-cgg^B 

gfS'S  S a|  § g 
ill  ll-ol 

. qU  o 


§ «®  S-S.S  g 


® £ ■ 


^ cn 

'go-f  g ‘i 
O -g  ^ 02 

a-|  2.5  §; 

o a <w 
2 ^ 
g.g  a'-s  § 
-o'* -a  § s 

<U  -o  "O  fl  ~ 
CJ  o3  <1^  3 T3 
0>  C fl  2 
— O a >?  g 


! bio 0 


~qq  <jj*« 


£>C  C 
S3  O 
2^ 


be  § biD  be  be  C 'a 
o ~ cccscso 
ojococo>o 

_,^Q^-!h-1PhO0h 


* q=J 


s:  &c  be,  bx_r 

D S3  G S3  3 

o o o o > 


tf.jf  s 
li%d 

C ~ 0X3 

S§a- 

bX)  c 5 


o c o 

Sj3rfl 

ooo 


•SbiSS;(]  jo  enijj 

ib  pojojj  uaqnj  natfojj  jo  *0^ 


CO  CO  CO  00  O CO  05  00  CO  00  lO  Cl  H o 


•sjoqnxappna^pj 

U0Ay  xig  jo  jqSiaj^ 


-H^LOOJCOCO^CO^CO 


- 03  03  .-i  (M  O <M 


•sjoqsng 
— pQTJJg  109J 
-J9<j  oj  pap0jj[o5 
‘oaoy  .i0d  p[0ix 


3 (M  CO  ©COCCI>CO(NOCOO'tOOJ03 


O 00  os 
rt<  © ^ 
COOH 
<M  i— I 


•iCjipsnfr  0[q^x 


•0jqBi05JJBJ\[ 

^qSio^V  jo  'J«oo 


*i  OS  CO  Ol^lMHrlrHHCONCOlOCOO 

c— * CO  Os  LO  Tin  CO  ^ Os  |>.  CO  rr;  OS#  OS  lO  os  00 

£ oi  r-5  oi  co  lo  lo  id  >o  co  o4  co  lo  id  lo 

a^os  OS  OSOSOOOSOSOSOOOCOSQSOSOSOS 


CO  CO  OJ 
S os 


•S00UtlQ  pue 

spanoj — PPIA 


< 00  t'-  o 00  (M  CO  LO  (M  Tfi  CO  OJ  OS  rtH  O 
s r-t  <M  lOHiOCOHOOSHCD^NCDCO 


rH  CO  CO 
CONO 


'P0JS0AJB  f-(  S||IH*0M 


00  t—  OCCOOOCOt^OSOOOOOOOOCSCOt^ 


M p$ 



O 

> o 

s« 

5 5 
q ~ 

W 

s ’ 


"ra  o’  o 

-I  Ss 

o« 


« o d c 6 6 
^-O'O'O-O’O 


a co 
® (M  q w 
, £X'(M  -=  ^ « 


-5  > 

W vw  J C3  o 

•>  s'Ssg,22,c  g 


.»  l-SsSali.-sSsS-2 

>*  O g OS^  2 C Hj^o32-'-2  _ 
o o ^ ® S3  ® <3  i *h  k k ^ r 


W 

Eh 

g 

S v 

H ^ , 

E-1  2 i 


15 


#OJU  Q .D 


“'O  s 


C'O.b 


a £ 


o-2  a 

08^“ 

i o d 


8-5  J£  a 

- o ,§  $ ^ § 

bo  S 0 ^ „ 

— ~ u — *13 

rT  8 Js  O "«  0.0 

~ >..  in  O - O s 

o a>  — 3 S 2 o 

g o 

a q _a  -'O  > 


3 J3  O 5 

^ | 0T0 

- 0 0 ~ 


33  33 


> 33 


3~ 3^-2  43  33 
5 •£  Sag 
1.^  33 

t-T-t-  _ co 

- Mg  o 

.2  o 
t*  -c  33 
3 - i"o  ( 

— ; 2 <u 


S - 


: £ S £ o1 

SS^S  ^ 2" 

qq  ^3  "O  ejj  -2*22 
o a;  2 3 j3  5c—  , 

|3|-5  S^gs 
tc-~  a o.s  “.*l" 

33  'O  - , 33  be 

c o be  be  be  e B 

3 a c 0 e 3 o 

O 3 C O C C J 


SI 

O 

a>  - 

a> 

*2  o 


o 


2 lit 


v 2 

3 -3  -3  ^ - 

jq  5 d 2 ji'O 

■ 

a *,r  5\g-gs  c\ 

= 33  d - •-  *2  O - 

5 3 c'i  o)  £-q-!  "3  1 

^5  8)  3 ~ ^ 4>  o < 


- X t 
„ o fce.i 
i S3- 

0 “ 3 -o' 

ii'if 

_.<2  s I 

1 .c  - >~> 


3 bc.2  0 3 
3 o a -2  o 
q t o -o  x 


3 3 .3 

> " * ” 

! C ^_C  J 


O 

;$"i'ltl' 


! S c' 


- 3 be  > 
3 « •-  O 

« M?- 
> iD 

: a >» ; 


■ ^*c 
-T  o 
33  •-  ~ 


St  £ s*»! 

*’"5  Vo  “^'o'^Tbe 

3.J.§  8 g g -; 

gj  SS  g-a- — I 

a°3  8 ^ 

„r  o 


D O OT 

> -q  P>~» 

g 


D*  >, 

a ^ c3 

a-=  a 


« 'g 


; s « ! 


g'5'82 

£ — ~ &o 


be  be  be  bo 

B 3 s a 

coco 


D 


g>T3  g ~ -q  33 
§c2bcccu 
-2  3 ^ B 3 3 C 
3 C3  c O CJ 
o of  ri  .jj  cd  cd  ^ 


be  £P  " “ 
"■  be  bo 


^cwohWp?  r^o  ^ ^ 


COCOMCOHO  CO  OMiCO  OO 


•31  C^  UO  04  LO  04  CO  CO  ©3*0 


05  .t^So'o  040? 

e-' 

0 ic  co  os 

3*1 

cxT 

H 00  O CO* 

»H|C^ 

rH|CQ  iH(C>)rl|e<l 

CO  CO  0 1—1  CO  10 

rW 

05  04  do 

— 1 04  04  04  ^ 

04 

04  CO  —1  —i 

04 

04 

04  r-i  04  04 

f-l 

04  -H  (C4  C-4  1-H 

04 

04  04  04 

O CO  Tfi  00  0 00 

05 

co  0 co  10 

05 

CO 

00  CO  --I  00 

LO 

05  05  O O CO  O 

CO 

CO  CO  CO 

Tfl  ^ 3JH  04  cd  cd 

HTP-H 

05 

cd  tjh  04  — ' 

CO  r-  H 04 

00 

id 

05  04  05  05 

CO 

LO 

HNH^Ocd 
04  r-i  CO  H rl 

cd 

00  00  rH 

CO  CO  co  CO  M 04 

CO 

cq  tq  co 

O 

0 

04  CO  nn  rH 

CO 

rH  O O lO  O 

00 

iq  05  rH 

06  05  0 04  cd  t2 
CO  TP  0 04  t-  CO 
-COHH 

cd 

3f< 

0ONCO<H 

co  co  co 

Hr^O) 

CO 

CO 

3)i 

OO 

cd  cd  05  id 

O lO  r- 1 co 

rH  H 04 

00 

co 

04  rH  HtH  O lO 

T*l  05  CO  CO  CO  O 
04  04  rH  1— 1 

0 

1- 

cd  cd  04 
00.^31 

04  H h 

0 O lO  0 10  0 

LO 

10  0 >0  0 

0 

O 

iq  lO  O 0 

0 

O iq  iq  ud  iq  O 

uo 

oiqio 

cd  10  tP  cd  cd  uo 

LO 

ed  uo  cd  id 

cd 

00  cd  cd  cd 

10 

id  cd  tP  id  ud  cd 

cd 

id  id  id 

-CiO^XO  05  CO  iO  CO  CO  00 

-o^icco  lo  co 

CO  CO  id  O cd  CO  CO  (MCOCOCO  10 
00  1>-  05  05  05  05  05  C5Q5C5C5  C5 


CO  •Ct1  CO 
-5  05  05 

, . .5  c<i  10 

05  05  05  05  05 


CD  05  C 
H CO  c 


-'f  1— ( 04  CO  CO  CO  OQ  04  04  CO 

eq  i>  in  3 3 q >0  co  h^o 

1—"  H TjH  06  6 16  Tji  04  1^1004 

05  05  00  00  05  00  05  05  05  05  05 


O 10  040^ 
10  05  LO  o o 


CO  ^ ^ 04  04  04  Tt<  TjH  r-t  rH 

eo  1— I 05  04  04  uo  05  lO  CO  lO  04 


05  05  00  CD  00  CO  l".  lOOSDN  lO  00  05  1^0005 


05  05  OO  OO  CO  CO  05  CO  05  05  05 


S3  c c c c c c 
2—  'O  33  33  33  33 


3—  C C 


£ a 

O 3 
35  *35 


= «xo$ 


j Ph 


«u  _ — c 

^ S £ S 

S os  s _ 

| 

^ o 2-|  g 
o £ ® j'l 
rs  a ~ pi  3 

P2  O^ccH 


2 


55  -£ 

U .2 


o>  be  >•»  a 


< OO 


33  rn 

c>a 

OQCO  te 


my  eyes 


TABLE  IT. — Continued. 


16 


o -g 


02  ~0  * 

"5 


cf-S  3 
&0  . 73 


^ ® a 
~ v,  - 

be  2 -3 


c •-  . , . - — 

c — 1 ii  5?  a *h 

| oI-Im®  « s 

►*8  " 'SS-*  £ 

&-  ^_c  — C c — 1 -fl  >> 

•3  _c  Sr'S  — 42  fc.  be  02 

-»H^5=oS===  o, 
-5  i!  s — ^ 2 jg  f 8 c J 

e 35  g >•>  g - C ^ cT "o  T3 
I -o'  ^ ^ ^ g 12  g « | Cl- 

§ S a * 8 g §-  o 

'jSSall^l^.Sglg 

C 08  73  1 -«  >«  C O g S ° 

21  **  §«  o ® © 8 g ® © i.* 

2<DSo>®®-«4)'t:^g2 

^ - es  a e t5  o * *a  ® ° 

“ •*'7-  “ 13  “if' 7 bB 

fcr  ^ “',  rt  be  3 fcuo  3 
~ ^ 3 O 


O — • . ^ 

8 .|4.3> 

. £ . S 8 §- 
J= $ 8 § gs 
8-5  1 

5 J3  « “•§  ° 7 

•^g  *C-*,V5  § 

a i^-l  £.|  s 

c ' a — 3 

° -r  x 5 

S-s  g “ 

a g 
^ >, 
3 3 


1 3 75 

i B »;  * s 

: 3 3 


~73tf'= 

.d  a>  5 be1 


C ai. — i OJJ  aj  on  qi  - — 

-3ce35S3S33c--2Cw 
r3c>CCOOOOcCOJ 


£eB«F35§  a 3 
® ® ® s7  a a 
^ a a % -g  _r  bo 

®S  c c t:  o 3 £ 

^ ~ - 3 s o.2 

2 g P be  be  be  be 
g p 3 C 3 3 3 

J J 


•Sq;^i(]  jo  ouiijj 

JB  pa]0\[  sjoqnx  mmoh  jc ro£  | 


•8J0qnx  oiqBJOTJ13I\[ 
M0Ay  xig  jo  JtjSpAY 

0)HT)i^HCOC0  31t>0  CO  CO  CcT  lO  <51  r- 1 rH 
r-KN'M-fMH^CNHM  H (M  r-i  h CO  CM  <N 

•spqsng 

— pUBJg  100J 
-J0j  0}  P01D0JJO3 

‘0joy  J0d  ppi^ 

i 

CO 

^cooiiqcot-ooqooqosoqoo  oo  occcoonimq 

§odr-li>Ho630coco6i>cd  cd  cd  i>  r-i  oi  uj  o ui 

Large. 

. TjHCOCOOiiOCOiOi-jOSCqCNt-.  O rl^  rf<  GO  O 00  C<1  !>. 

■Sed  cm  id  looocoodcd  r-i  cd  io  in  6 oo  oi  n 

= hOh-hXNiOOCO!N33  CO  3 O O 3 N 3 3 

1 1— 1— — — 1 I— 1 rHr— ( r- 1 r-C 

•Xjipmfr  0iq«x 

« o lo  iq  -LOioiooio  ;Oo  c>  oiqooioioio 

o co*  cd  id  : id  id  cd  cd  oo  : cd  td  td  ooT^odcdedcdid 

«>  • • 

iqSia^W  jo  -JU90  J0j  I 


s CO  OO  CO  1-H  id  id  CO  CD  — <M  03  35  iT  CO  CO  C id  ©‘  O CO 
-0202333333023  33  Ol  Cl  <31  Ol  Cl  Ol  Ol  05 


•S0OunQ  poe 

spunoj— p[0ix  l^jox 


-i  © io  co^o  if? co  So’lS'co'rH  o i©  io  i>  oo  ^ i>Too 


•p0JS0AJBpj  Sinn  '°ST 


333  3 00300310)10'^'^  Cl  00  <31  00  Ol  •'Cf  <31 


Jl  cu 

20  ■w 
<!  >-. 


« J3 

* 5r  - 

<V  o 


pH 

26 


fc  S 

p 


" 7 — « « <3 
0*23^  ! 

oSs 
2 « 


^ CO  2 

: 


^.2  i g © .gc  a 

«3  2 « 5S  2 s 8 w 

Ph 


IT 


~ x p j 


© ..jf 


u ^ u ^ C •'-T 

© ^ ® C-J-1 

o^ojg^o  t; 
”00750*  -7  "3  „j  o 

— o 0 3 E^"hfi°'G  ° 

^ u o' - - g-Sj.-.a* u 

SmS  g « »j  8 £m-2-£ 

S8=  | 1-5,2  1 a o=  £■= 

a - 3 OQ  “ -5  g =»  o - 3 , 
^ *5  0 •«  M „•>  --=  a,  - 

'Z  CcS.2  ss  --t;  >^o  o o 5 

o s «.«”  g ^ c a q 


ill  | %n 


1 g >-.  I'O'O  a 

‘1 J3  of  a.  es  S .£  43  ? ^ | 

1 — < S .S3  ~ £ - © x k 

Tf°-5.^  rr?± 


g 1 ^'111  I i S S s g 

ifr«5.5?£Sr 

a 175  S'S’S*! 

-o  &?  ^ 53  ^-0  ”13  J-  ■ „ 
c o «-  .2  be  be  c bc.w  bio  a ol 
a~oacccoccC3c: 
cjdoqooocoocc 
_,0hC>;Z<Oh-1^Ph-3Oh-JP$h4 


O OHO^HNNlOOi'Or 


CO  (NlOt'QrtlOlOlOHCOMr 


H <M  O <M  IM  (M  ~ r 


r *0  00  cm 
is  © 1— i 06 
iCDiO^ 


O — 

co  so  o4  tj5  ac 

NON 


1 CO  00  O QO  OO 

5cooq®^ 

h 05  O O 05  N 
5 X 05  05  N O 


N-  O i! 
Tt<  Tf  0 


ioic-t 


00  03  CO  05  iC 
05  50  ■'f  lO 


05  XX05  0X-05XI-OXX 


3 C O £ 

“ TJ  o 

i tf 

:w®‘ 

5 © © — . 

0 10  *0  © ‘O 


= «-§-§n 
LCU 


© © © 05  r-f,  ^ 5^  — " 


o a c 


oq  ^ ^ 


S Ph 

5 Jf 


.2  S 

-q  „ 

O a 

n Js 

03 

-a  ^ 
bo  ^ 
a 

c«  <0 

> I 

O =3 

. OQ 

•“5  - 

R„  a 

0 o 
§ .3 
-a  ^ 

g>s 

> *._tf 

1 K »' 


-n  _S 

© © 

S g -> 
P3  ^ 
c c 

© -p  »4 

g£| 

1^1 

1 8 5 

^ o - 

S z > 

j©  •-  af 

-o  a Z 
as  a o 
•«->  o ^ 
© O c8 
■5  ..  M 

a &P 

•”  -o  *r 
-gK-S 

2 a 

3 be  8 

^ £ M 
a Ha  -2 

.£  'S  ^ 

.' 3 w t4 

! lo 

•s  s V 

^1 

§ « 
s-  © 
© 71 


18 


THE  BLIGHT  OK  KOT. 

In  a previous  paragraph  mention  is  made  of  the  appearance 
of  this  disease  in  the  experiment  plots,  and  it  is  here  briefly 
characterized.  The  blight  or  rot  is  caused  by  the  growth  of  a 
parasitic  plant  within  the  tissue  of  the  potato  plant.  Though 
its  entire  body,  except  some  special  organs  which  will  be  men- 
tioned later,  is  developed  within  the  tissue  of  the  potato  plant, 
it  is  as  truly  a plant  as  the  potato  itself. 

This  parasitic  plant  belongs  to  that  great  subdivision  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom  known  as  the  Fungi,  many  of  which  are 
parasitic,  i.  e.,  live  within  or  upon  the  living  tissues  of  higher 
plants,  and  draw  their  sustenance  from  them ; and  others  are 
saprophytic,  i.  e.,  live  upon  decaying  organic  matter. 

The  botanical  name  of  the  plant  in  question  is  Phytophthora, 
infestans.  These  lower  orders  of  plants  are  not  differentiated 
into  ropt,  stem,  branch,  leaf,  etc.,  but  are  composed  of  a thallus 
or  body  which  in  a measure  performs  the  offices  of  the  differ- 
ent organs  in  the  higher  plants.  Some  parts  of  the  thallus 
body  are  differentiated  into  specialised  cells  which  either  take 
food,  form  reproductive  bodies,  or  perform  other  special  offices. 

The  body  of  the  plant  in  question  is  composed  of  much 
branched  thread-like  hyphse,  which  penetrate  between  the  cells 
of  the  host  plant  and  thus  ramify  throughout  its  entire  system. 
These  thread-like  processes  can  not  be  seen  without  the  aid  of 
a microscope. 

When  they  pass  out  into  the  branches,  and  thus  reach  the 
leaves,  short  specialised  branches  are  thrown  out  through  the 
stomata  (breathing  pores)  of  the  potato  leaves  and  bear  on 
their  terminal  points  special  cells  which  are  reproductive  bodies 
(seeds  or  spores)  of  the  fungus  plant. 

These  cells  (spores)  are  minute,  spherical  in  form,  and  are 
cast  off  from  the  spore  stalk  rapidly,  whence  they  float  away  in 
the  air.  Alighting  on  other  plants,  they  spread  the  disease  to 
every  available  spot.  These  germs  are  either  the  zoospores 
or  conidiospores  of  the  Botanists. 

The  two  forms  of  spores  differ  simply  in  the  fact  that  the 
former  gives  issue  to  several  motile  spores  from  its  contained 


19 


protoplasm,  and  the  latter  germinates  directly  in  itself  by  send- 
ing out  a germ  tube  which  under  proper  conditions  produces  a 
new  plant.  The  zoospores,  after  they  have  escaped  from  the 
sporage,  germinate  in  practically  the  same  manner. 

These  reproductive  bodies  (spores)  are  borne  in  immense 
numbers  upon  the  plants  first  infected,  and  thus  under  favora- 
ble conditions  of  moisture  and  temperature  the  disease  is 
spread  over  a large  area  in  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time. 

The  spores  germinate  quickly  under  favorable  circumstances, 
and  ten  days  are  sufficient  to  destroy  a large  area. 

The  attack  spreads  first  to  the  foliage  and  stems  of  all  adja- 
cent plants,  but  spores  are  also  carried  down  into  the  soil  and 
there  attack  the  tubers.  They  germinate  in  contact  with 
the  tubers  and  send  their  germ  tubes  through  the  epidermis, 
and  penetrate  all  the  tissues.  This  is  what  induces  the  rot  of 
the  tuber  so  well  known  to  the  growers.  But  the  fungus  in 
itself  is  only  the  indirect  cause  of  rot.  After  the  fungus  has 
done  its  work,  the  infested  tissue  is  attacked  by  one  of  the 
germs  of  decay,  a still  lower  form  of  plant  life,  and  the  rot  is 
thus  produced.  The  affected  tuber  before  decay  supervenes 
shows  the  presence  of  disease  by  discoloration  of  the  tissue. 

The  only  reproductive  bodies  known  to  this  species  are  the 
summer  spores  previously  mentioned.  Although  borne  in 
great  abundance,  they  retain  their  vitality  but  a short  time,  and 
are  of  no  service  to  the  plant  in  carrying  it  over  the  winter 
season.  It  is  quite  well  proven  that  the  disease  is  spread 
each  succeeding  year  by  the  growth  of  mycelium  (the  plant 
body)  which  has  hibernated  in  the  tissues  of  affected  tubers. 
However,  there  may  be  cases  where  infection  comes  from  other 
sources. 

The  cells  composing  the  body  of  the  fungus  plant  are  at  once 
destroyed  when  decay  supervenes  in  the  host  plant,  but  many 
tubers  are  carried  over  the  winter  in  the  store-rooms  or  pits, 
the  tissue  of  which  is  packed  with  mycelium,  and  if  these  tubers 
are  planted  some  of  the  buds  may  yet  have  the  power  to  germi- 
nate, and  thus  the  hybprnating  mycelium  is  furnished  an  oppor- 
tunity of  growing  out  into  the  new  plant,  perfecting  repro- 
ductive bodies,  and  thus  spreading  the  disease  again. 


20 


St)  far  as  possible,  all  affected  tubers  should  be  rejected 
from  seed  stock  However,  it  will  never  be  possible  to  entirely 
prevent  this  disease  any  more  than  the  thousands  of  other  ills 
which  the  farmer  contends  with.  Intelligent  understanding 
of  it,  however,  and  due  care  in  guarding  against  infection,  are 
proper  precautions. 

Remedial  measures  have  been  tried  in  a small  way  against 
this  disease,  but  very  few  reassuring  facts  in  this  regard  have 
come  to  light.  If  the  season  is  favorable  the  development  is 
so  rapid,  and  it  is  a task  of  such  magnitude  to  apply  a remedy 
to  the  tangled  vines,  that  there  are  grave  doubts  a, bout  its 
practicability. 

Where  the  plants  have  been  blighted  with  this  disease,  it  is 
usually  believed  to  be  best  to  dig  the  crop  at  once  and  store 
in  a dry  cool  place,  as  this  will  hinder  development  of  spores 
which  might  otherwise  develop  and  continue  the  attack.  The 
potatoes  should  not  be  piled  up  in  a large  bulk  where  heating 
will  take  place,  or  the  disease  will  in  this  manner  be  enabled 
to  propagate  itself.  It  is  recommended  by  many  persons  to 
apply  dry  slacked  lime  to  the  tubers,  and  there  is  reason  to 
believe  this  might  be  of  some  value,  as  it  would  tend  to  take 
up  the  moisture  and  thus  make  them  less  liable  to  attack,  as 
the  spores  of  this  fungi  cannot  develop  in  dry  situations. 


VIRGINIA 


Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 

EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Series  of  1889 -’90. 


BULLETIN  No.  7. 

JULY,  1890. 


VARIETY  TESTS  WITH  STRAWBERRIES. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 


Capt.  C.  E.  Yawter,  Crozet. 

Hon.  John  E.  Massey,  Richmond. 

J.  Thompson  Brown,  Esq.,  Brierfield. 


General  L.  L.  LOMAX,  President. 


STATION  STAFF. 

General  L.  L.  Lomax^,  - Acting  Director. 

William  B.  Alwood,  - - Botanist  and  Entomologist. 

Walker  Bowman,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.  Chemist. 

D.  O.  Nourse,  B.  S.  - Agriculturist. 

W.  H.  Reynolds,  - - - Ass’t  in  Agriculture. 

R.  II.  Price,  -----  Ass’t  in  Horticulture. 
Thos.  L.  Watson,  - Ass’t  in  Chemistry. 

Judge  John  Gardner,  - - Treasurer. 

W.  W.  Hurt,  - Clerk  and  Stenographer. 


All  communications  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
Director  Experiment  Station,  Blacksburg,  Ya.  The  Freight 
and  Express  office  is  Christiansburg,  Ya. 


VARIETY  TESTS  WITH  STRAWBERRIES. 


By  Wm.  B.  Alwood. 


INTRODUCTION. 

r 

Notwithstanding  the  importance  of  fruit  culture  to  the  coun- 
try at  large,  statistical  data  have  never  been  collected,  from 
which  a fair  estimate  of  the  value  of  fruit  crops  could  be  made. 
Yet  to  the  observant  agriculturalist  the  vast  importance  of  fruit 
culture  to  a State  like  Virginia  need  not  be  stated.  Situated 
as  she  is,  with  the  soil,  climate  and  carrying  facilities  to  virtu- 
ally command  the  markets  of  the  Northern  sea  coast  cities, 
such  special  crops  must  be,  in  large  measure,  the  hope  of  her 
future  agricultural  prosperity.  And  the  rapid  increase  in  con- 
sumption of  wholesome  fruits,  both  in  the  country  homes  and 
cities,  invites  the  best  agricultural  talent  to  such  specialties, 
which  yield  not  only  better  remuneration  than  general  farm- 
ing, but  appeal  to  the  higher  tastes  of  the  individual. 

There  is  in  the  present  indications  no  probability  of  a fall- 
ing off  in  the  demand  for  fine  fruits,  but  rather  that  it  will 
constantly  increase  and  at  all  times  exceed  the  supply  of  choice 
products.  Hence,  there  is  no  reasonable  probability  that  the 
present  rapid  development  of  fruit  growing  will  suffer  any 
check.  On  the  contrary,  the  era  of  horticultural  progress 
seems  but  fairly  begun.  However,  there  is  a precaution  to  be 
noted : that  success  comes  only  with  vigilant  care  and  pains- 
taking effort. 

STRAWBERRY  CULTURE 

Has  been  so  rapidly  extended  of  recent  years  that  it  is  quite 
within  bounds  to  give  it  first  rank  among  small  fruit  specialties. 
The  rapidly  increasing  area  which  has  been  devoted  to  this 
fruit,  and  the  profit  realized  from  well  conducted  plantations, 
has  so  tended  to  concentrate  effort  and  capital  upon  its  develop- 
ment that  at  present  it  is  receiving,  perhaps,  more  attention  in 
the  matter  of  culture,  special  varieties,  and  methods  of  hand- 


4 


ling  than  any  other  small  fruit.  And  the  fact  that  these  ques- 
tions must  be  severally  answered,  independently,  for  the  va- 
rious sections  of  our  country  makes  this  concentration  of  effort 
the  key-note  of  success.  As  indicated  at  the  head  of  this  arti- 
cle, it  is  not  possible,  from  lack  of  statistics,  to  make  a state- 
ment which  shall  convey  any  accurate  idea  of  the  importance 
of  this  crop  to  the  State,  yet  the  writer  has  seen  loaded  on  a 
single  steamer  at  Norfolk,  for  a Northern  market,  five  hun- 
dred bushels  of  berries ; and  when  it  is  understood  that  these 
are  worth  from  $3  to  $8  per  bushel,  Varying  with  season  and 
quality,  and  that  shipments  are  made  daily  by  steamer  and  rail, 
the  value  of  a season’s  shipments,  which  lasts  some  twenty  days, 
oan  be  in  part  realized. 

THE  TEST  PLANTATION. 

The  varieties  under  test  were  planted  April  1889,  on  a fairly 
strong  clay  loam  soil,  which  had  but  recently  been  broken 
up  from  sod.  The  land  has  a gentle  slope  to  the  south,  and 
except  that  it  is  somewhat  inclined  to  wash,  is  a fairly  good 
situation. 

It  should  be  stated  in  passing  that  planting  strawberries  on 
recently  broken  sod  land  is  not  to  be  recommended,  as  such 
land  is  apt  to  be  infested  with  grubs,  (larvae  of  Lachnosterna 
a Sp .),  and  also  the  land  should  be  put  in  suitable  tilth  by  at  least 
one  year’s  good  culture  in  hoed  crops.  In  this  case,  however, 
no  better  choice  could  be  made. 

The  plants  were  set  in  rows  four  feet  apart,  and  two  feet 
in  the  row,  and  were  given  clean  culture,  care  being  taken 
to  remove  all  blossoms  which  appeared  the  first  year,  as  it 
was  desired  to  get  a strong  stand  of  plants  for  this  year’s 
test.  The  runners  were  trained  so  as  to  give  matted  rows. 
The  length  of  row  was  quite  uniformly  thirty  feet.  Some  of 
the  plants  were  weak  and#inade  a poor  stand,  setting  but  few 
young  plants ; but  most  of  the  varieties  made  a vigorous 
growth  and  set  a full  row.  These  facts  will  be  given  under 
“ Notes  on  Varieties.” 

There  was  but  little  appearance  of  u leaf-blight  ” or  “ spot,” 
and  the  general  conditions  were  favorable  to  strong  growth. 


5 


MULCHING  THE  VINES. 

The  plants  went  into  winter  in  good  condition,  and  on 
November  30th  a mulching  of  straw  was  put  on  sufficiently 
heavy  to  cover  the  entire  surface  and  hide  the  plants  from 
view.  While  it  is  contrary  to  the  practice  of  growers  in  Vir- 
ginia to  thus  cover  strawberry  beds,  the  writer  believes  that 
this  practice  modified  to  suit  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  is 
of  very  great  importance  to  strawberry  growing  in  this  State. 
It  is  well  known  that  in  northern  latitudes  the  strawberry  can- 
not be  cultivated  successfully  without  resorting  to  mulching. 
This  is  not  so  much  from  the  effect  of  the  absolute  cold  as  from 
variations  in  temperature.  Hence  from  the  character  of  recent 
winters  the  practice  would  seem  not  only  to  be  rational  but  an 
actual  necessity  to  successful  cultivation  of  this  fruit  in 
Virginia.  % 

During  the  past  winter  there  was  recorded  at  this  Station  a 
range  of  temperature  of  over  50  degrees  in  seventy-two  hours, 
and  wide  ranges  of  temperature  are  very  common  occurrences, 
though  seldom  so  extreme  as  the  one  here  noted. 

The  past  winter  was  so  capricious  that  peaches  and  also  straw- 
berries where  not  mulched,  bloomed  at  short  intervals  from 
January  10th  until  late  in  spring,  and  many  other  plants  were 
in  blossom  out  of  season.  The  result  was  that  fruits  which 
start  early  were  almost  wholly  killed  over  large  portions  of  the 
State.  Strawberries  near  the  Station  grounds  were  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  frost,  and  a plantation  of  several  acres 
belonging  to  Mr.  Wm.  Simpson,  situated  a few  miles  distant, 
was  injured  to  the  extent  of  about  one  half  the  crop.  Both 
caused  by  being  forced  into  early  bloom  by  the  unseasonably 
warm  weather. 

It  was  feared  that  the  mulched  plants  might  take  harm  from 
the  unusually  high  temperature  which  prevailed  at  times,  hence 
men  were  sent  over  the  patch  once  during  the  winter  with 
forks  to  raise  the  covering  and  admit  air  and  light  to  the  plants. 
On  April  14th  the  covering  was  removed  and  the  land 
thoroughly  cultivated.  The  plants  were  found  to  be  in  excel- 
lent condition — the  crowns,  strong  and  vigorous,  were  starting 


" 6 

new  foliage,  and  the  roots  were  especially  vigorous,  having  ap- 
parently grown  some  during  the  winter.  After  cultivating  the 
straw  was  replaced  between  the  rows  and  spread  very  lightly 
over  the  plants,  that  they  might  grow  up  through  it  and  thus 
the  fruit  be  kept  clean. 

The  first  point  wherein  mulch  is  important  is  in  holding 
the  plants  dormant  during  warm  weather  in  winter,  thus 
preventing  unseasonable  bloom  which  very  much  weakens  the 
plants.  Productiveness  is  therefore  increased  by  mulching. 
As  for  earliness,  it  is  yet  a question  for  practical  demonstra- 
tion, but  the  results  here,  in  comparison  with,  the  plantation 
before  mentioned,  were  favorable.  The  plants  in  the  Station 
beds  were  in  full  bloom  May  5th  to  10th,  and  first  picking  was 
made  June  2d,  being  fully  as  early  as  Mr.  Simpson’s  planta- 
tion, yUcIi  is  considerably  lower  than  this  elevation  and  situated 
in  the  valley  of  New  River. 

A second  but  almost  equally  important  point  in  the  utility  of 
mulch  is  its  value  in  retaining  moisture  during  a drouth.  There 
are  none  of  the  small  fruits  so  subject  to  injury  by  drouth  as  the 
strawberry,  and,  as  it  often  happens,  a drouth  may  occur  even 
after  the  fruit  begins  to  ripen  and  cut  off  a large  part  of  the 
crop.  A good  mulch  will  enable  the  beds  to  resist  much  better 
than  if  the  ground  be  bare. 

Also  protection  from  late  frost  can  be  secured  even  after  the 
plants  are  in  full  bloom,  by  sending  men  over  the  beds  late  in 
the  evening,  when  frost  is  threatened,  and  turning  a light  cov- 
ering from  the  mulch  over  the  vines.  This  requires  extra  labor, 
but  if  it  is  profitable  argument  against  it  fails. 

The  best  yield  at  the  Station  were  from  five  thousand  to 
eight  thousand  quarts  per  acre.  This,  it  is  true,  is  an  estimated 
yield,  made  from  thirty  feet  of  row,  and  no  one  pretends  that 
it  could  be  easily  duplicated  on  an  acre,  yet  as  an  indication  of 
what  can  be  attained,  it  certainly  has  value.  One  to  two  thous- 
and quarts  per  acre  ought  to  be  grown  in  practical  culture. 

It  is  not  the  intention  of  this  Bulletin  to  deal  with  questions 
of  culture,  yet  the  foregoing  discussion  is  given  as  matter  of 
interest  in  connection  with  the  experiment. 


7 


The  following  table  gives  the  general  data  as  to  blooming, 
ripening,  length  of  bearing  season,  quality,  etc.  The  letters 
B and  P,  which  follow  the  variety  names,  indicate  the  sexual 
character  of  the  flower — B indicating  bisexual,  or  perfect 
flowering  kinds,  and  P pistillate  kinds,  the  flowers  of  which 
have  no  anthers  (or,  at  least,  imperfect  ones),  and  are  thus 
wholly  or  partially  devoid  of  pollen. 


TABLE  I. 


1st 

Bloom. 

1st 

Picking. 

Last 

Picking. 

Length 

of 

Bearing 
Season 
in  days. 

Quality. 

Scale 

0 to  10. 

Market 

Value. 

Scale 

0 to  10. 

Value 

for 

Home 

Use. 

Scale 

0 to  10. 

Atlantic 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

June 

2 

June  24 

23 

6.5 

5 

6 

Belmont 

.B 

29 

2 

18 

17 

8.5 

6 

8 

Bomba 

.B 

May 

5 

2 

24 

23 

8 

6 

7 

Bubach  No.  5 

P 

U 

9 

2 

18 

17 

7 

8 

9 

Capt.  Jack 

P 

U 

11 

5 

24 

20 

7.5 

5 

5 

Champion 

P 

5 

2 

18 

17 

6 

5 

6 

Chas.  Downing.... 

.B 

“ 

5 

2 

18 

17 

7.5 

6 

6.5 

Cinderella 

.B 

U 

5 

2 

14 

13 

Cohanzick 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

11 

10 

Crawford 

.B 

May 

5 

2 

18 

17 

8" 

7“ 

s" 

Crescent 

.P 

“ 

1 

2 

24 

23 

5 

7 

5 

Crimson  Cluster... B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

18 

17 

8.5 

5 

6 

Crystal  City 

.B 

“ 

29 

2 

14 

13 

7 

4 

5 

Cumberland 

.B 

May 

1 

2 

il 

14 

13  . 

7.5 

5 

8 

Eureka 

.P 

“ 

5 

5 

24 

20 

5 

8 

5 

First  Season 

P 

“ 

13 

5 

24 

20 

8 

6.5 

8 

Florence 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

14 

13 

7 

Gandy 

.B 

May 

5 

2 

24 

23 

7 

7“ 

7“ 

Glendale 

.B 

“ 

5 

5 

24 

20 

6 

6 

5 

Gold 

.P 

“ 

10 

6 

a 

18- 

13 

8.5 

6 

7 

Haverland 

P 

Apr. 

29 

2 

u 

24 

23 

7.5 

10 

9 

Henderson 

.B 

May 

7 

5 

9 

Iron  Clad 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

“ 

14 

13 

6.5 

4"* 

4 * 

Itaska P.  and  B 

May 

5 

6 

u 

14 

9 

6 

4 

4 

Jas.  Vick 

“ 

5 

2 

24 

23 

7.5 

6 

7 

Jersey  Queen 

.P 

“ 

10 

2 

IS 

17 

7 

6 

6.5 

Jessie 

.B 

Apr. 

26 

2 

18 

17 

8 

6 

8 

Jewell 

.P 

May 

5 

2 

18 

17 

7 

5 

6 

Jucunda 

.B 

5 

11 

14 

4 

4 

Kentucky 

.B 

h 

5 

2 

“ 

24 

23 

7 

7”  ' 

6.5 

Lida 

P 

“ 

5 

2 

u 

14 

13 

7 

4 

5 

Longfellow 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

14 

13 

8 

6 

7 

Mammoth 

.B 

May 

5 

2 

IS 

17 

7 

5 

6 

Manchester 

.P 

“ 

5 

2 

24 

23 

6 

6 

5 

May  King 

.B 

“ 

1 

2 

14 

13 

6.5 

6 

6 

Miami 

.P 

“ 

13 

2 

u 

24 

23 

6.5 

8 

6.5 

Miner 

.B 

“ 

1 

2 

u 

24 

23 

6 

8 

5 

Monarch 

.B 

“ 

6 

2 

14 

13 

5 

Monmouth 

.B 

9 

2 

18 

17 

7 

Ohio 

“ 

9 

2 

u 

14 

20 

6 

<r 

5"' 

Ontario 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

14 

13 

8.5 

5 

7 

Parry 

.B 

May 

5 

2 

u 

24 

23 

7 

6 

8 

Pine  Apple 

.B 

U 

4 

2 

18 

17 

8 

5 

6 

Prince  of  Berries.. 

.B 

5 

2 

21 

23 

8.5 

4 

6 

Sharpless 

.B 

Apr. 

29 

2 

18 

17 

9 

8 

9 

Summit 

.P 

May 

13 

2 

u 

18 

17 

7.5 

5 

7.5 

Warren 

5 

2 

24 

23 

6 

5 

5 

Windsor 

5 

5 

24 

20 

Wonderful 

P 

“ 

5 

2 

24 

23 

6.5 

5** 

6"’ 

In  this  table  and  the  following  one  the  full  data  necessary  to 
a critical  comparison  of  the  varieties  are  given,  and  but  little 
discussion  on  the  points  appears  to  be  necessary.  In  Table  I. 


8 


the  matter  of  quality  may  be  briefly  alluded  to.  The  first  col- 
umn, which  deals  with  quality  of  fruit,  gives  an  arbitrary  grade, 
entered  by  the  writer  on  testing  the  variety  purely  for  table 
use,  without  any  regard  to  productiveness  and  the  numerous 
other  points  which  make  up  the  ideal  variety.  The  market  or 
commercial  quality  of  a variety  is  based  upon  consideration  of 
season,  productiveness,  firmness,  color,  size  and  quality  of  fruit ; 
and  the  value  for  home  use  is  rated  on  size,  quality,  beauty, 
and  productiveness  of  fruit. 


TABLE  II 


Atlantic 

Belmont 

Bomba 

Bubach  No.  5 

Capt.  Jack 

Champion 

Chas.  Downing.... 

Cinderella 

Cohanzick 

Crawford 

Crescent 

Crimson  Cluster.. 

Crystal  City 

Cumberland 

Eureka 

First  Season 

Florence 

Gandy 

Glendale 

Gold 

Haverland 

Henderson 

Iron  Clad 

Itaska . 

Jas.  Vick 

Jersey  Queen 

Jessie 

Jewell 

Jucunda 

Kentucky 

Lida 

Longfellow 

Mammoth 

Manchester 

May  King 

Miami 

Miner 

Monarch 

Monmouth 

Ohio 

Ontario 

* Parry 

Pine  Apple 

Prince  of  Berries. 

Sharpless 

Summit 

Warren 

Windsor 

Wonderful 


PICKINGS. 


June 
2 to  5. 


I 

1 41 
6% 

? 

534, 

2% 

& 

1% 

11% 

10% 


ii 

13% 


m 


3% 


June 
9 to  12. 


10 

13 

14 

fA 

12% 

8% 


fA 

8% 

12J 


June 
14  to  18. 


5% 


2% 


6% 

fA 

!5% 

OX 


0 3% 

0 8% 
0 11% 


2% 


11% 


8% 


7% 


15% 

7 % 


0% 


Product- 

iveness. 

Scale, 

0 to  10. 


Oz. 

15 


15% 


4 

5 

6 
8 
5 

5 

5.5 
3 

3 

6 

7.5 

4 

3 

5 
8 

5 

4 

6.5 

6 
4 

10 

2 

4 

4 
6 

5.5 
5.5 

5 
2 

6 
2 
5 

4 

5 
4 


8.5 

4 
2 

5 
4 

6 
4 


5 

5.5 

4 

5 


*One  picking  of  this  variety  was  partly  lost. 


9 


The  above  table  shows  the  yield  of  fruit  in  pounds  and  ounces. 
The  results  of  pickings  are  given  in  periods,  and  the  totals  in 
a final  column.  This  enables  all  to  see  at  a glance  the  period 
at  which  each  variety  was  most  productive.  These  data  appear 
to  be  more  conclusive  and  instructive  than  any  classification 
into  seasons  which  could  be  used  in  the  descriptive  notes. 

The  reason  for  giving  the  results  of  yield  in  weight  instead 
of  measure  is  that  small  quantities  are  difficult  to  measure  with 
accuracy.  The  varieties  were  all  treated  with  equal  care,  and 
the  weighings  made  to  quarter  ounces.  An  attempt  was  made 
to  establish  a standard  weight  for  a quart,  but  the  weights  dif- 
fered considerably  with  the  different  varieties,  ranging  from  Im- 
pounds to  l\  pounds  per  quart  basket,  such  as  was  used  here. 

It  is  readily  understood  by  all  growers  that  it  is  quite  impos- 
sible to  get  an  equal  stand  of  vines  on  every  plot  of  thirty  feet 
in  length.  Hence,  to,  in  a measure,  offset  the  unfairness  of 
yields  compared  from  plots  which  are  unequal  in  stand  of  plants, 
an  arbitrary  grade  as  to  productiveness  has  been  made.  This 
grade  is  based  on  the  yield  and  relative  stand  of  plants  on 
the  plots,  and  is  not  strictly  comparable  with  the  column 
giving  total  crop.  However,  those  varieties  which  gave  good 
yields,  as  a matter  of  fact,  stand  high  in  this  column.  The 
grade  of  productiveness# is  based  more  upon  individual  plants 
than  on  the  measured  yield  produced  this  year.  If,  for 
any  cause,  a variety  made  but  twenty  per  cent,  of  a stand,  it 
could  not  be  expected  to  produce  a total  crop  equal  to  one 
which  made  eighty  per  cent,  of  a stand,  yet  it  may  have  shown 
higher  average  productiveness. 

VARIETIES. 

It  is  with  strawberries  as  with  other  fruits,  and  also  vegeta- 
bles, which  are  cultivated  as  specialties ; there  is  a tremendous 
craze  for  new  varieties.  This  is  sharply  stimulated  by  the 
keen  competition  among  specialists  to  outdo  each  other,  hence 
there  has  grown  up  a class  of  cultivators  who  are  in  a certain 
sense  variety  specialists.  This  rivalry  has  its  good  and  bad 
features.  On  the  one  side  it  tends  constantly  to  improvement, 
and  on  the  other  it  succeeds  in  forcing  upon  the  attention  of 


10 


the  public  a large  number  of  utterly  worthless  sorts.  But  on 
the  whole  it  tends  to  advancement,  and  when  legitimately  con- 
ducted is  to  be  commended.  Yet  in  this  as  every  other  class 
of  fruit  and  vegetables,  the  mere  multiplication  of  names  is  to 
be  regretted. 

Many  varieties  have  a peculiar  local  value,  and  do  not  suc- 
ceed well  over  any  considerable  portion  of  the  country,  yet  the 
writer  believes  with  Mr.  Green,  of  the  Ohio  Station,  that  our 
good  vareities — those  which  will  eventually  take  rank  as  stand- 
ards— are  adapted  to  culture  over  wide  areas,  and  thus  the 
belief  that  co-operative  testing  of  varieties  among  the  Stations 
will  be  productive  of  much  good.  This  is  instanced  in  such 
varieties  as  the  Haverland,  just  now  being  disseminated.  It  is 
universally  reported  as  promising,  or  entirely  successful,  hence 
its  position  seems  practically  settled  at  once. 

From  past  experience  it  is  evident  that  but  a small  num- 
ber of  the  new  sorts  can  succeed,  yet  as  they  are  constantly 
being  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  public  it  is  incumbent 
upon  the  Stations  to  test  them  and  publish  the  results.  Posi- 
tive statements  cannot  be  made  from  one  year’s  work,  but  from 
previous  knowledge  and  the  results  obtained  by  others,  the 
critical  notes  here  given  are  made  as  definite  as  can  well  be. 
The  number  of  varieties  under  test  foiinext  year  has  been  much 
extended,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  list  given  at  the 
close  of  this  Bulletin. 

The  terms  pistillate  and  bisexual  have  already  been  explained. 

NOTES  ON  VARIETIES. 

Atlantic — Bisexual,  weak  grower;  fruit  conical,  regular,  deep  red  color, 
quite  firm,  seeds  abundant  and  sunken  ; unproductive  and  of  little  value. 

Belmont — Bisexual,  only  fair  grower ; fruit  long,  some  conical,  and  also 
flattened  and  lobed,  color  uneven,  rather  soft,  seeds  numerous,  sunken  ; needs 
rich  soil — chiefly  valuable  for  home  use. 

Bomba — Bisexual,  good  plant  but  only  fairly  vigorous  in  vining  ; fruit  coni- 
cal, few  irregular,  dark  red,  finely  colored,  fairly  firm  and  good  size  during 
first  half  of  season,  seeds  abundant,  slightly  protruding ; only  fairly  product- 
ive, needs  high  culture,  size  and  color  make  it  desirable  for  market  where  it 
can  be  well  grown. 

Bubach  No.  5. — Pistillate,  strong  grower ; fruit  large,  conical,  flattened  and 
slightly  lobed,  handles  fairly  well  if  picked  before  fully  ripe,  soft  when  ripe, 


These  illustrations  were  received  too  late  to  be  inserted  in  the  text,  hence 
are  pasted  here.  They  were  designed  to  show  the  type  of  several  of  the 
promising  new  varieties.  The  artist  has  reduced  the  size  to  one-third  the  original , 
which  somewhat  impairs  the  value  of  the  cuts,  but  the  relative  size  has  been 
fairly  well  maintained. 


11 


color  vermillion  red,  fades  and  become  lustreless  if  too  moist;  seeds  fairly  abun- 
dant, sunken  ; seems  to  thrive  well  on  any  good  land,  and  has  strong  value  for 
home  use  and  near-by  market.  One  of  the  most  productive. 

Capt.  Jack — Bisexual,  only  fair  grower  ; fruit  abruptly  conical,  fairly  even, 
bright  red,  fairly  firm  ; very  seedy,  protruding.  An  old  variety  of  little  value 
here. 

Champion — Pistillate,  only  fair  grower ; fruit  abruptly  conical,  some  flat- 
tened ; deep  red  color;  seeds  numerous,  mostly  sunken.  An  old  variety  of 
slight  value.  Windsor,  a later  introduction,  is  thought  by  some  to  be  a 
synonym. 

Chas.  Downing — Bisexual,  fairly  strong  grower  ; fruit  conical,  slightly  fur- 
rowed ; deep  red,  texture  fair  if  not  too  ripe ; seeds  abundant,  protruding. 
One  of  the  good  old  sorts  not  productive  here  this  season,  and  has  little  to 
commend  it  at  present  for  commercial  or  home  growing. 

Cinderella. — Bisexual,  fairly  strong  grower.  Seems  to  be  of  no  value  here, 

Cohanzick. — Bisexual,  weak  grower  ; apparently  without  value. 

Crawford. — Bisexual,  strong  vigorous  plants,  does  not  vine  heavily  ; fruit 
conical,  mostly  even,  fine  form,  good  size,  full  red  color ; seeds  abundant, 
protruding.  Requires  good  soil  and  culture  for  best  results ; appears  here  to 
lack  productiveness.  Desirable  for  amateurs. 

Crescent. — Pistillate,  strong  grower  ; fruit  small,  conical,  even  form,  deep 
red  color,  firm  texture,  seeds  abundant,  protruding.  This  variety  has  long 
been  the  market  berry  par  excellence  in  the  north,  so  far  as  profit  is  con- 
cerned, but  as  it  progresses  towards  the  south  it  loses  its  distinctive  character 
of  earliness,  tends  to  over-growth  of  vine,  and  is  of  little  value.  The  fruit  is 
under  size  and  very  acid,  but  it  is  one  of  the  most  productive  sorts  grown  here 
the  past  season. 

Crimson  Cluster. — Bisexual,  fairly  strong  grower ; fruit  of  fine  form  and 
color,  but  has  little  value. 

Crystal  City. — Bisexual,  one  of  the  strongest  growers  known  ; fruit  small, 
conical,  regular,  weak  red  color,  fairly  firm.  This  variety  is  also  known  as 
Hyslop.  It  is  a most  abundant  grower,  blooms  profusely,  but  sets  only  a few 
berries  ; these  mature  early.  It  has  very  little  value. 

Cumberland. — Bisexual,  made  rather  weak  growth  ; fruit  is  always  finely 
formed,  abruptly  conical,  pale  vermillion  color,  not  very  firm  ; seeds  not 
abundant,  sunken.  An  old,  not  very  productive  variety,  but  decidedly  valu- 
able for  home  use  and  near  market. 

Eureka. — Pistillate,  strong  grower;  sets  the  ground  heavily  with  plants  ; 
fruit  large,  much  flattened  and  ill  shapen  ; ripens  unevenly  and  poorly 
colored  ; firm  texture,  seeds  abundant,  protruding.  One  of  our  most  produc- 
tive varieties,  and  promises  much  value  for  market,  notwithstanding  imper- 
fections noted. 

First  Season  — Pistillate,  strong  grower ; fruit  conical,  light  red  color, 
fair  texture,  seeds  numerous.  A rather  shy  bearer,  but  promising  for  home 
use.  Requires  good  culture. 


12 


Florence. — Bisexual,  fairly  strong  grower ; fruit  conical,  fair  size,  rather 
soft,  seeds  numerous,  sunken.  Not  very  promising. 

Gandy. — Bisexual,  strong  plants  but  vines  poorly ; fruit  conical,  even 
form,  deep  red,  quite  firm  ; seeds  numerous,  mostly  protruding.  A promising 
late  sort  if  it  shows  greater  productiveness  in  future. 

Glendale. — Bisexual,  fair  plants,  but  vines  poorly  ; fruit  conical,  slightly 
ribbed  ; bright  red,  rather  soft ; seeds  numerous,  sunken.  Of  no  promise  here. 

Gold. — Pistillate,  fair  plants  but  does  not  set  strongly ; fruit  conical,  abrupt, 
some  flattened  and  lobed  ; Vermillion  color,  fairly  firm  ; promising  if  it  shows 
greater  productiveness. 

Haverland. — Pistillate,  strong  healthy  plants,  sets  well ; fruit  long,  coni- 
cal, even  in  form,  light  Vermillion  color ; fairly  firm  if  not  too  ripe ; good 
size ; seeds  abundant,  mostly  sunken.  This  is  a very  characteristic  variety, 
both  in  fruit  and  plant ; leaves  are  rather  small  with  long  stalks,  which  gives 
the  bed  an  open  appearance,  freely  admitting  light  and  air  ; fruit  stems  long 
and  weak  ; most  of  the  fruit  lies  prone  on  the  ground.  Its  great  abundance, 
bright  color,  and  oblong  conical  fruit  makes  the  bed  a beautiful  sight  when  in 
full  bearing.  This  variety  showed  highest  productiveness  here  this  year,  and 
is  a most  promising  new  sort.  It  promises  to  take  first  rank  as  a market 
berry. 

Henderson. — Bisexual,  poor,  weak  plants.  This  variety  is  of  no  promise. 

Old  Iron  Clad. — Bisexual,  strong  grower.  Gave  promise  of  heavy  bearing 
but  did  nothing.  An  old  sort. 

Itaska — Mostly  pistillate ; few  small  anthers ; poor  grower ; of  no  promise. 

James  Vick — Bisexual,  strong  grower;  truit  conical,  regular,  many  buttons 
latter  part  of  season,  fairly  firm,  bright  red,  seeds  abundant,  mostly  sunken. 
This  variety  could  scarcely  be  recommended,  though  in  growth  of  plant  and 
> bloom  it  promises  much  and  possibly  might  do  better  under  higher  culture. 

Jersey  Queen — Pistillate,  fairly  strong  plant,  does  not  set  freely;  fruit 
abruptly  conical,  side  lobed,  bright  red,  fairly  firm ; seeds  not  abundant,  sunken. 
A rather  indifferent  sort,  yielding  fine  fruit  but  not  promising. 

Jessie — Bisexual,  plants  strong,  does  not  set  freely ; fruit  conical,  few 
irregular  and  flattened,  deep  red,  fairly  firm ; seeds  moderately  abundant, 
slightly  protruding.  Perhaps  no  variety  has  ever  been  introduced  with  more 
iclat  than  this,  yet  its  position  has  very  soon  been  settled  to  be  that  of  a first- 
class  amateur  berry.  It  does  wonders  under  suitable  conditions  and  high  cul- 
ture, but  has  little  place  in  commercial  growing.  The  quality  here  was  good. 

Jewell — Pistillate,  plants  only  fairly  strong,  sets  poorly ; fruit  conical, 
slightly  lobed,  Vermillion  red,  fairly  firm  ; seeds  not  abundant,  sunken.  Has 
little  value. 

Jucunda — Bisexual,  weak  and  poor  plant.  Apparently  has  no  value. 

Kentucky — Bisexual,  strong,  vigorous  plant ; fruit  flattened,  conical,  some 
ribbed ; bright  red ; good  texture ; seeds  abundant,  sunken.  An  old  variety, 
but  one  of  the  best  late  sorts  ; is  not  very  productive. 

Lida — Pistillate,  weak  grower  unless  given  best  conditions.  Has  little 
value. 


13 


Longfellow — Bisexual,  only  fair  grower;  fruit  long,  conical,  necked, 
deep,  glossy  red  ; fairly  firm,  seeds  abundant,  protruding.  Seems  to  have  lit- 
tle commercial  value,  but  has  good  quality  and  is  worthy  of  trial  for  home  use. 

Mammoth — Bisexual,  weak  unless  given  high  culture.  Apparently  of  lit- 
tle value. 

Manchester — Pistillate,  a weak  grower  here;  fruit  abruptly  conical, 
bright  red,  fair  texture ; seeds  abundant,  slightly  protruding.  Old,  late  sort, 
of  little  promise  here. 

May  King — Bisexual,  only  fair  grower  and  sets  plants  poorly  ; fruit  coni- 
cal, some  abrupt,  bright  red,  texture  fair;  seeds  moderately  abundant,  slightly 
protruding.  Small  growing  plants ; blooms  early,  and  bear  abundant  pollen, 
and  is  a rather  promising  market  sort,  if  a good  set  can  be  obtained. 

Miami — Pistillate,  with  also  many  imperfect  anthers,  rank  grower,  sets 
plants  well ; one  of  the  best  rooted  plants  grown  here  ; fruit  flattened,  conical, 
deep  suture  on  both  sides  of  many  berries ; deep  red  color,  texture  good ; 
seeds  moderate,  sunken.  As  a late  berry,  one  of  the  promising  new  sorts, 
worthy  of  trial  for  commercial  growing. 

Miner — Bisexual,  many  of  the  stamens  short  and  imperfect,  strong 
grower,  sets  heavily  ; fruit  acutely  conical,  quite  regular,  bright  red,  textjire 
fair  ; seeds  abundant,  protruding.  This  is  an  old  sort,  medium  early,  but  holds 
out  to  end  of  season ; fruit  small,  even ; heavy  yielder  ; far  better  than  Cres- 
cent for  commercial  berry  here. 

Monarch — Bisexual,  weak  ; fruit  of  fine  form  and  beautifully  colored  ; ap- 
pears to  have  little  value  here. 

Ohio — Pistillate,  good  grower;  fruit  rather  small,  fairly  firm.  Only  value 
would  be  for  late  market,  and  that  doubtful  here. 

Ontario — Bisexual,  only  fair  grower  ; fruit  conical,  flattened,  and  lobed, 
deep  red,  only  fair  texture ; fine  quality,  but  little  else  to  recommend  it. 

Parry — Bisexual,  fairly  good  grower ; fruit  conical,  regular,  fine  form  and 
size ; crimson  red  ; texture  fair,  seeds  moderate,  sunken.  A variety  well 
worthy  of  good  treatment  for  amateur  growing. 

Pine  Apple — Bisexual,  strong  grower,  but  weak  in  fruit ; large,  bushy 
calyx ; fruit  irregular,  flattened,  lobed  ; rapidly  deteriorates  in  size ; good 
quality.  Do  not  consider  the  variety  of  any  value. 

Prince  of  Berries — Bisexual,  weak  grower,  of  very  little  value. 

Sharpless — Bisexual,  strong  grower ; fruit  oblong,  flattened  at  tip,  cox- 
combed,  colors  unevenly,  fair  texture;  seeds  abundant,  mostly  sunken.  An 
old  standard  variety  of  excellent  quality ; not  very  productive,  but,  where 
given  good  care  and  suitable  location,  a very  satisfactory  berry.  Should  be  in 
every  home  garden.  In  some  localities  quite  successful  with  commercial 
growers. 

Summit — Pistillate,  weak  grower,  sets  plants  poorly ; fruit  fine  in  form 
and  good  quality ; only  suitable  for  home'  garden,  where,  with  good  culture, 
it  may  be  made  quite  successful. 

Warren — Bisexual,  fairly  strong  grower;  is  of  very  little  value;  fruit 
inferior  in  size  and  quality. 


14 


Windsor— Bisexual,  only  fairly  strong;  thought  by  some  to  be  same  as 
Champion,  but  our  plants  showed  some  difference  ; however,  appears  to  have 
little  value  here. 

Wonderful — Pistillate,  only  fair  strength  of  plants,  sets  poorly;  fruit 
quite  irregular,  lobed,  etc. ; has  few  good  points,  yet  will  be  interesting  to 
amateurs. 

PRACTICAL  CONCLUSIONS. 

The  practical  bearing  of  an  experiment  should  always  be 
kept  in  view,  and  wThere  results  will  permit  of  it  should  be 
clearly  indicated.  However,  it  is  misleading  to  draw  too  exact 
and  dogmatic  conclusions  from  test  work,  hence  it  is  necessary 
that  results  of  field  work  be  considered  more  as  an  indication 
than  as  a demonstration  or  certainty. 

1.  In  this  instance  it  is  thought  safe  to  say  that  the  following 
list  of  new  varieties  is  valuable  and  worthy  of  trial  in  this  State 
for  commercial  purposes  about  as  indicated  by  their  respective 
grades  attached  : 


PRODUC- 

TIVENESS. 

SCALE  0-10. 

MARKET 

VALUE. 

Scale  0-10. 

BUBACH..  No.  5 

P... 

8 

8 

CRAWFORD  

B... 

6 

7 

EUREKA 

P... 

8 

8 

HAVERLAND 

P... 

10 

10 

MIAMI 

P... 

7.5 

8 

PARRY 

B... 

6 

6 

In  this  connection  the  whole  record  of  the  variety,  and  also 
the  special  note  concerning  it,  should  be  carefully  considered. 

The  above  recommendation  includes  only  the  newer  varie- 
ties ; most  of  the  old  are  sufficiently  well  known.  Attention 
should  be  cabled  to  the  fact  that  most  of  this  list  are  pistillates, 
and  must  not  be  planted  without  sufficient  bisexual  sorts  to 
effect  perfect  fertilization. 

2.  The  following  list  is  recommended  for  home  growers, 
with  this  reservation,  that  it  is  only  intended  to  advise  the 
growing  of  three  or  four  varieties  by  one  person. 

Amateurs  will  find  the  entire  list  of  interest,  and  worthy  of 
good  care. 


15 


The  asterisk  indicates  those  which  are  specially  recommended. 


QUALITY. 

Scale  0-10. 

VALUE  FOR 
HOME  USE. 

Scale  0-10. 

PRODUC- 

TIVENESS. 

Scale  0-10. 

BELMONT 

8.5 

8 

5 

BOMBA 

8 

7 

6 

*BUBACH  No.  5.... 

’ p... 

7 

9 

8 

CRAWFORD 

8 

8 

6 

FIRST  SEASON... 

p... 

8 

8 

5 

*H  A VERL  AN D ... 

7.5 

9 

10 

JESSIE 

8 

8 

5.5 

PARRY 

7 

8 

6 

*SHA  RPLESS 

9 

9 

6 

In  specially 

marking  the  three  varieties 

above  it 

is  not  in- 

tended  to  convey  the  idea  that  they  are  far  superior  to  others, 
but  simply  that  they  will  perhaps  give  better  satisfaction  than 
any  other  three. 

3.  It  is  thought  that  mulch,  even  in  the  warm  climate  of  this 
State,  can  be  profitably  used.  The  facts  in  this  regard  should 
be  learned  by  careful  tests. 

4.  It  is  advisable  to  plant  but  few  varieties,  and  select  them 
with  care,  having  in  view  vigor  and  productiveness  of  plant, 
size,  character,  and  quality  of  fruit.  Pistillate  varieties  should 
be  interspersed  with  perfect  flowering  sorts,  usually  three  to 
five  rows  of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter. 

NEW  VARIETIES.  * 

The  Station  desires  to  extend  the  list  of  varieties  under  cul- 
ture to  include  all  new  sorts  of  supposed  merit,  and  to  this  end 
invites  correspondence.  t 

All  tests  will  be  impartially  conducted,  and  the  Station  guar- 
antees to  originators  that  it  will  exercise  due  care  to  keep  all 
new  sorts  entrusted  to  it  from  passing  out  of  its  control. 

For  full  information  concerning  the  co-operative  tests  in  hor- 
ticulture conducted  by  the  Experiment  Stations,  qriginators  are 
referred  to  Bulletin  4,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  which  will  be  sent  to  parties  in- 
terested on  addressing  a request  to  the  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture, Washington,  D.  C. 


16 


The  following  list  of  varieties  includes  those  now  in  the  test 
plantation  : 


Adkins  No.  1, 

Logan, 

Longfellow, 

Adkins  No.  2, 

Adkins  No.  3, 

Loudon’s  No.  15, 

Acme, 

Alpha, 

Lovett’s  Early, 

Mammoth, 

Atlantic, 

Manchester, 

Beder  Wood,  or  Racster 

Martha, 

Bomba, 

May  King, 

Bubach  No.  5, 

Miami, 

Captain  Jack, 

Michel’s  Early,  or  Osceola, 

Cardinal, 

Middlefield, 

Champion, 

Miner, 

diaries  Downing, 

Monmouth, 

Cinderella, 

Monarch, 

Clara, 

Morris, 

Clingto, 

Mrs.  Cleveland, 

Cohanzick, 

Mt.  Vernon, 

Crawford, 

Ohio, 

Crescent, 

Crimson  Cluster, 

Old  Iron  Clad, 

Ontario, 

Crystal  City, 

Osceola,  (?) 

Cumberland, 

Parry, 

Daisy, 

Pearl, 

Pine  Apple, 

Dew, 

Eureka, 

Porter, 

First  Season, 

Price, 

Florence, 

Prince  of  Berries, 

Galena, 

Racster,  (?) 

Gandy, 

Seneca  Queen, 

Glendale, 

Sharpless, 

Gold, 

Shuster’s  Gem, 

Great  Pacific, 

Summit, 

Gypsy, 

Thompson’s  No.  1. 

Haverland, 

Thompson’s  No.  5, 
Thompson’s  No.  7, 
Thompson’s  No.  8, 

Henderson, 

Hoffman, 

Indiana, 

Thompson’s  No.  25, 
Thompson’s  No.  26, 

Itaska, 

Ivanhoe, 

James  Vick, 

Tippecanoe, 

Townsend, 

J essie, 

Townsend’s  No.  3, 

Jersey  Queen, 

Van  Deman, 

Jewel, 

Viola, 

Jucunda, 

Warfield  No.  2, 

Kentucky, 

Warren, 

Lady  Rusk, 

Westbrooke, 

Leuella, 

Windsor, 

Lida, 

Wonderful, 

Little’s  No.  4, 

Yale. 

FOREIGN  VARIETIES. 

Belle  Bordelaise, 

Triumph  de  Gand, 

Montreuil, 

White  Wood  Alpine. 

Royal  Heautbois, 

